v0.2.0 · alpha

Citations

Every answer cites its source

Nyaya never answers without a verifiable reference. Here is how citations are structured, resolved, and linked back to the source.

Citation anatomy

A real answer with citations linked to their source cards. Click a citation to highlight its source card; click a source card to expand the source.

Nyaya Assistant

Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. The Supreme Court in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1 held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right protected under Art. 21, Constitution of India, read with Articles 14 and 19.

The Court traced the right through earlier decisions on personal liberty and due process, establishing privacy as an intrinsic part of the guarantees in Part III of the Constitution. The judgment is binding on all courts in India under Article 141.

K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of IndiaSourced
(2017) 10 SCC 1
Supreme Court: right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21, read with Articles 14 and 19.
Constitution of IndiaSourced
Art. 21, Constitution of India, 1950
Right to life and personal liberty; the source of the privacy guarantee read into Part III.

Supported citation formats

Every citation in a Nyaya answer follows one of these three canonical formats, each linked to its source.

Constitution
Art. 21, Constitution of India
Article number from the Constitution of India, 1950, with the full title.
→ Vikhram-S/IndianConstitution
Statute (BNS / BNSS / BSA)
§ 358, BNS 2023
Section number from the named statute, with the year and short title.
→ prsindia.org (CC BY 4.0)
Case law
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1
Party names, neutral or SCC citation, and volume/journal reference.
→ indiankanoon.org

Verification pipeline

Every citation passes through these steps before it reaches your answer. Hover a step for detail.

01
Parse
Extract citation strings from the draft answer: article numbers, section references, case names.
"Art. 21" → {type: constitution, art: 21}
02
Match
Look up each parsed citation in the indexed corpus to confirm it exists and the text matches.
match("S. 41A", "CrPC 1973") → found, section_text
03
Fetch
Pull the full provision or judgment text from the corpus so the citation can be displayed inline.
fetch("Art. 21") → Constitution article text
04
Display
Render the citation as a link the user can click to open the source card with the full text and provenance.
→ Source card: Constitution of India, Art. 21

What Nyaya does not cite yet

Honest limits. We would rather tell you than guess.

01
Unreported judgments
Orders and judgments not published in a reported journal are not in the corpus. Nyaya will say it cannot find a citation rather than invent one.
02
Subordinate legislation & rules
Notifications, rules, and subordinate legislation under major statutes are not yet indexed. Coming per the corpus roadmap.
03
Pre-1950 Privy Council decisions
Judgments of the Privy Council (the apex court for British India until 1950) are not yet indexed. Planned.
04
Overruled / good-law status
Nyaya does not yet track whether a judgment has been overruled or modified by a later bench. Always confirm currency before filing.